Bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) includes a variety of procedures performed on people who have obesity. Weight loss is achieved by reducing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or through removal of a portion of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) or by
The human bladder is located in the lower abdomen. Its main task is to store urine, which is produced around the clock by the kidneys, and to regularly evacuate it once a certain capacity is reached. <br/> <br/>The bladder has an average capacity of 350–450 ml in women and 400–500
Bladder infections mostly occur when bacteria multiply in the bladder and secrete toxins. This then triggers the actual inflammatory tissue reaction. A simple bladder infection rarely causes fever but can cause pronounced pain in the lower abdomen and often causes severe burning when urinating. In addition, there is generally a
Blood in the urine is almost always an indication of a disease of the urinary tract. A distinction can be made between visible blood (haematuria) and non-visible blood (microscopic haematuria). <br/> <br/>Microscopic haematuria can be detected via rapid tests or microscope. A certain amount of blood in the urine is
Clear aligners, also known as clear-aligner treatment, are orthodontic devices that uses incremental transparent aligners to adjust teeth as an alternative to dental braces. They are sold under at least five brand names. <br/> <br/>A 2014 systematic review concluded that there is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of these
A brain tumor or intracranial neoplasm occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. There are two main types of tumors: malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors. Cancerous tumors can be divided into primary tumors that start within the brain, and secondary tumors that have spread from somewhere else,
The desire of having larger breasts depends on the individual’s sense of aesthetic taste. Younger women after puberty often want this correction because they subjectively feel their breasts are too small. At the same time this may cause a considerable psychological burden. Women who have given birth and breastfed their
Indrawn nipples or those too large or too small are corrected under local anesthesia in the day clinic. Indrawn nipples usually are the consequence of an infection. The correction procedure loosens scar sails in deep tissue. Then the patient’s own tissue is transferred from a deep layer to a superficial
When a whole breast or part of it is lost, such as through excision of a mamma carcinoma, more elaborate operations are necessary. Depending on anatomical situations reconstructions with the patient’s own tissue, such as from the back or belly region, with or without additional implants, are feasible. If a
A breast ultrasound is used to see whether a breast lump is filled with fluid (a cyst) or if it is a solid lump. An ultrasound does not replace the need for a mammogram, but it is often used to check abnormal results from a mammogram. Ultrasound is sound waves
A bridge is a fixed dental restoration (a fixed dental prosthesis) used to replace a missing tooth (or several teeth) by joining an artificial tooth permanently to adjacent teeth or dental implants. Types of bridges may vary, depending upon how they are fabricated and the way they anchor to the
With age and as consequence of a disposition to tissue sagging, eyebrows change their form. One observes a downshift of brows that leads to brow skin covering the upper eyelid that may aggravate already existing “bagged eyes”. Also disturbing especially to women may be thick masculine eyebrows. <br/> <br/>Brow lifting
